JOURNAL TOOLSTECHNOLOGICAL QUALITY OF WHEAT CULTIVARS FROM NEW BREEDING PROGRAM (ZVEZDANA AND NS3-5299/2) AND COMPARISON TO THE TECHNOLOGICAL QUALITY OF WHEAT CULTIVARS COMMONLY USED IN AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE (NS RANA 5, LJILJANA, POBEDA AND EVROPA 90)
DOI:
UDK:
JOURNAL No:
Volume 36, Issue 3-4
PAGES
53-58
KEYWORDS
technological quality, rheological properties, wheat cultivars
Dragan R. Živančev1, Aleksandra M. Torbica1, Jasna S. Mastilović1, Nikola S. Hristov2
1Institute for Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bul. cara Lazara 1, Novi Sad, Serbia, 2Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Maksima Gorkog 3, Novi Sad
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT
Common wheat (Triticum aestivum) is one of the most important food crops. For this reason at cereals industry has been a long history of using descriptive empirical measurements of rheological properties to predict bread-making quality. In this paper technological quality and rheological properties of two wheat cultivars from new breeding program and (Zvezdana and NS3-5299/2) were examined by using traditional and new equipment in Serbian practice and compared with wheat cultivars which have been used in agricultural practice for more than a decade (NS Rana 5, Ljliljana, Pobeda and Evropa 90). Extensograph exstensibility of new cultivars, Zvezdana and NS3-5299/2 were in the level of the best results of commercial cultivars. However, extensigraph resistance of these cultivars was low which influenced that complex property such as extensigraph ratio was also poor, but still in the range which allows good breadmaking quality Moreover, according to alveograph properties, only the new cultivar NS3-5299/2 out of all investigated cultivars under the applied production conditions fulfilled the international standards required for export and trading goods.
INTRODUCTION
Wheat quality is assessed on the basis of physical, chemical, rheological and baking tests (Prabhasankar, 2002). Within the cereals industry there has been a long history of using descriptive empirical measurements of rheological properties, with an impressive array of ingenious devices such as amylograph, farinograph, mixograph, extensigraph (Dobraszczyk & Morgenstern, 2003) and Viscograph (Bhattacharya & Corke, 1996) produced by several well known laboratory equipment manufacturers.
Amylograph and viscograph measure apparent viscosity and gelatinisation temperature, while farinograph and mixograph determine mixing time, torque and apparent viscosity (Dobraszczyk and Morgenstern, 2003, Official Brabender web-site). Mixo-lab®, a new instrument developed by Chopin Technologies Company, has the capabilities to measure physical dough properties such as dough strength and stability, but it also measures the pasting properties of starch on actual dough. It is used to characterize the rheological behaviour of dough subjected to a dual mixing and temperature constraint (Kahraman et al., 2008). Since it is a new instrument the information related to its utilization on different aspects of wheat flour quality is quite limited (Manthey et al., 2006).
The rheological properties of wheat-flour dough, among other parameters, include the extensibility and resistance to extension, which influence the processing behaviour very strongly, and are thus important factors of the wheat varieties’ bread-making quality (Ma et al., 2005). A lot of researchers in wheat quality studies have been using instruments recording the extension behaviour of wheat dough, primarily Brabender Extensograph as an empirical rheological method for dynamic measurements and uniaxial extension of wheat flour (Ktenioudaki, et al., 2010a,b; Grausgrubera, H., 2000). On the other hand, Chopin’s instrument Alveograph determines the biaxial extension produced during dough bubble inflation which is well linked from a physical view point with the process of stretching of dough (Indrani et al., 2007). Furthermore, this device has been used to evaluate bread making quality of wheat flours (Chen & D’Appolonia, 1985), cookie making quality (Bettge et al., 1989) and to assess the quality characteristics of wheat flour for parotta making (Indrani et al., 2007).
Since varietal surveys provide information about potential enduse quality of wheat, resistance to diseases, yield potential, environment variation in bread quality etc., during last centuries many researches performed numerous investigations. Sreenivasan (1974) evaluated the influence of rainfall on the wheat varieties grown at Jalgaon and Niphad (Maharashtra State) for a period of 22 years. Ghaly & Taylor (1982) examined quality effects of heat treatment of two wheat varieties, as part of a research programme on the thermal disinfestation of wheat and Reynolds et al. (1994) investtigated yield potential in modern wheat varieties. Several authors evaluated different effects of wheat varieties on bread-making properties (Khelifi & Branlard, 1992, Magnus et al., 1995; Hrušková et al., 2005; Ktenioudaki et al., 2010b). Finally, Ktenioudaki et al. (2010) used the rheological properties to discriminate among the wheat varieties from a range of geographical regions and to predict their potential for bread-making and Grausgruber et al. (2010) investigated stability of breadmaking quality of Austrian-grown quality wheats.
The aim of this paper was to examine rheo-logical properties of six wheat cultivars of which four have been used in agricultural practice for more than ten years and two new varieties and to compare the results in order to find out if important improvements can be expected in new breeds.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Four wheat cultivars (NS Rana 5, Ljliljana, Pobeda and Evropa 90) which have been used in agricultural practice for more than ten years and two new varieties (Zvezdana and NS3-5299/2) were examined. All six wheat varieties were cultivated at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Department of Small Grains in micro-trials and harvested in 2009.
Bühler laboratory mill MLU-202 was used for milling of samples of wheat cultivars. Rheological properties of wheat flour using Brabender farinograph, amylograph and extensigraph were determined according to the methods from the Regulation on methods of physical and chemical analysis for quality control of grain, milling and bakery products, pasta and quickly frozen dough – Pravilnik o metodama fizičkih i hemijskih analiza za kontrolu kvaliteta žita, mlinskih i pekarskih proizvoda, testenina i brzo smrznutog testa (Sl. List SFRJ br. 74/1988). Examination of rheological properties of wheat flour using Chopin Alveo-graph was performed according to ICC method No. 121.
Mean values of extensograph (duplicate measurements) and alveograph (quintuple measurements) properties, were tested by ANOVA, whereas differences among individual mean values were determined by Duncan test at significance level of 0.05. Software STATISTICA 9.0 was used for statistical calculations.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Having in mind that the comparison between new and widely grown wheat varieties presented in this paper is perfomed on the basis of micro level tests conducted in one year, the first step in evaluation of the results was the comparison of obtained values for well known commercial varieties with multiannual average. Comparison of some rheological properties over multiannual period for old varieties (macro-level tests) published by Šarić et al. (2003; 2005) with the results from this study (micro-level tests) is presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Comparison of multiannual ranges published for old varieties with the results from this study
|
|
|
|
Water absorption (%) |
Quality number |
Quality level |
Energy (cm2) |
Ratio (resistance / extensibility) |
Viscosity peak values (BU) |
|
Pobeda |
multiannual (Šarić et al., 2003) |
min |
57.7 |
70.6 |
A-2 |
23 |
0.82 |
286 |
|
max |
60.7 |
78.0 |
A-2 |
55 |
1.87 |
650 |
||
|
this study |
66.1 |
62.0 |
B-1 |
66 |
1.35 |
255 |
||
|
Ljiljana |
multiannual (Šarić et al., 2005) |
min |
58.4 |
57.9 |
B-1 |
41 |
1.03 |
853 |
|
max |
58.9 |
64.5 |
B-1 |
59 |
1.53 |
1733 |
||
|
this study |
61.9 |
64.7 |
B-1 |
59 |
1.19 |
640 |
||
|
NS Rana 5 |
multiannual (Šarić et al., 2003) |
min |
55.3 |
47.1 |
B-2 |
37 |
1.24 |
419 |
|
max |
57.0 |
68.8 |
B-1 |
65 |
1.91 |
1500 |
||
|
this study |
62.2 |
70.2 |
A-2 |
128 |
1.38 |
750 |
||
|
Evropa 90 |
multiannual |
min |
57.7 |
66.7 |
B-1 |
17 |
0.67 |
788 |
|
max |
59.1 |
68.3 |
B-1 |
59 |
1.91 |
1500 |
||
|
this study |
61.0 |
77.4 |
A-2 |
95 |
1.34 |
1250 |
||
According to the presented values, farinograph water absorption of all four wheat cultivars from micro-scale test was higher than maximal values from the multiannual ranges. The same trend was observed for extensograph energy values of wheat varieties from micro scale test. The reasons for these differences were probably better agricultural effect of micro-level tests in comparison to macro-level tests. However, the results of farinograph quality number and quality level were in the range of multiannual results, while amylograph viscosity peak values of Pobeda and Ljiljana varieties were below the minimal results of multiannual ranges. Cause for low values of amylograph viscosity peak could be germination as a result of rain prior to harvest or water imbibitions of harvested grain (Mares & Mrva, 2008) which could be expected in harvest 2009 due to surplus of rain.
In the second step of results evaluation, rheological properties determined for common, widely grown varieties were compared with new emerging varieties. Comparison of farinograph, extensograph and amilograph measurements are presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Comparison of technological quality between commercial and new varieties
|
|
Pobeda |
Ljiljana |
Evropa 90 |
NS Rana 5 |
Zvezdana |
NS3-5299/2 |
|
FARINOGRAPH |
||||||
|
Water absorption (%) |
66.1 |
61.9 |
61.0 |
62.2 |
64.3 |
65.3 |
|
Dough development (min) |
2.5 |
3.5 |
3.0 |
2.5 |
3.5 |
2.5 |
|
Dough stability (min) |
1.0 |
1.5 |
6.0 |
3.5 |
1.0 |
3.0 |
|
Dough softness (BU) |
75 |
70 |
45 |
65 |
70 |
40 |
|
Quality number |
62.0 |
64.7 |
77.4 |
70.2 |
60.2 |
74.9 |
|
Quality class |
B-1 |
B-1 |
A-2 |
A-2 |
B-1 |
A-2 |
|
AMYLOGRAPH |
||||||
|
Viscosity peak values (BU) |
255 |
640 |
1250 |
750 |
370 |
1220 |
|
EXTENSOGRAPH |
||||||
|
Energy (cm2) |
66ab |
59a |
95c |
128d |
82bc |
98c |
|
Resistance (BU) |
210b |
190a |
240c |
270d |
195ab |
205ab |
|
Exstensibility (mm) |
158a |
160a |
180b |
195bc |
193bc |
204c |
|
Ratio (resistance / |
1.35c |
1.19b |
1.34c |
1.38c |
1.01a |
0.99a |
The values were expressed as mean value of two independent measurements for extensigraph.
Mean values of examinated quality parameters denoted with the same letter in a raw were not statistically significant differrence (P<0.05).
Farinograph water absorptions of two new varieties (Zvezdana and NS3-5299/2) were in the range of the water absorption of Pobeda cultivar, which were the highest among all varieties widely spread in agricultural practice. These two cultivars showed also the same trend for extensigraph extensibility which was on the same level as the best among the tested commercial varieties, NS Rana 5. Furthermore, NS3-5299/2 cultivar possessed the highest extensograph extensibility and the lowest dough softness among all examined wheat samples (Table 2). However, extensigraph resistance of Zvezdana and NS3-5299/2 varieties were statistically similar (p<0.05) with extensograph resistance of Pobeda and Ljiljana cultivars which showed significantlly lower values (p<0.05) for this rheological property in comparison to Evropa 90 and NS Rana 5 (Table 2). Exten-sigraph resistance and extensibility of new varieties influence that complex property such as extensograph ratio which was statistically lower (p<0.05) from those of all varieties from agricultural practice, but in the range which allow good breadmaking quality. Amylograph viscosity peak value of Zvezdana variety was on the same level as Pobeda cultivar which was the lowest as compared to the commercial varieties (Table 2).
Comparison of alveograph properties of new cultivars with commercial varieties is presented in Table 3.
Table 3. Comparison of alveograph parameters between new and commercial varieties
|
|
Pobeda |
Ljiljana |
Evropa 90 |
NS Rana 5 |
Zvezdana |
NS3-5299/2 |
|
P, dough tenacity (mmH2O) |
95d |
59a |
114e |
69b |
92d |
78c |
|
L, curve length (mm) |
75a |
110b |
64a |
103b |
66a |
105b |
|
G, swelling index (ml) |
19.2a |
23.2b |
17.7a |
22.6b |
18.0a |
22.7b |
|
W, deformity work (10-4 J) |
237bc |
194a |
255c |
234bc |
212ab |
289d |
|
Ratio P/L |
1.28c |
0.54a |
1.81d |
0.67ab |
1.42c |
0.76b |
The values were expressed as mean value of five independent measurement for alveo-graph.
Mean values of examined quality parameters denoted with the same letter in a raw were not statistically significant different (P<0.05).
According to alveograph curve length and swelling index NS3-5299/2 cultivar belongs to the statistically (p<0.05) segregated group of varieties (NS3-5299/2, NS Rana 5 and Ljiljana) that reveals appropriate values for end-use quality. On the other hand variety Zvezdana belongs to the signi-ficantly (p<0.05) different group of cultivars (Zvezdana, Evropa 90 and Pobeda) with poor values for end-use quality relating these two properties. Varieties NS3-5299/2 and Zvezdana were significantly different (p<0.05) according to alveograph ratio. Fur-thermore, this alveograph property indica-tes that NS3-5299/2 cultivar is charac-terized with potentially good technological quality, while Zvezdana variety revealed po-tentially poor bread-making quality. Howe-ver, alveograph deformity work for both new cultivars in comparison to the comercial varieties were in the range of the cultivars which revealed potentially very good bread-making quality. The deformity work of NS3-5299/2 variety was even the highest and statistically different from all other examined cultivars.
CONCLUSIONS
Quality of varieties already present in the production over long period determined in the samples derived from micro level trial was characterized with better results for farinograph water absorption and extensiograph energy values in comparison to multiannual ranges, probably because of satisfactory agricultural effects which were applied for micro-level tests, while determined over values for amylograph viscosity peak are most probably the consequence of characteristics of the production year.
In respect to technological quality which is measured by Brabender equipment, two new varieties were characterized with farinograph water absorptions and extensigraph extensibilities which were in the level of the best results of commercial cultivars. However, extensograph resistance of new cultivars was poor influencing that complex property such as extensograph ratio which was statistically lower than the extensograph ratio of all tested wheat samples, but still in the range which allows good breadmaking quality.
Concerning alveograph properties, alveo-graph deformity work of both new varieties revealed that both cultivars are characterized with potentially very good bread-making quality. Alveograph ratio and curve length of Zvezdana variety were in the level of examined wheat cultivars with potentially poor breadmaking quality, while for NS3-5299/2 variety were on the level of investigated wheat samples with potentially good breadmaking quality making this variety interesting for milling and baking industry.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This paper presents the part of research conducted under the Project TR 20139 funded by Ministry of Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia.
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